History of Computer

History of Computer

 

Abacus

• Abacus is one of the earliest and first calculating devices used for performing arithmetic calculations.
• Abacus was developed in 2400 B.C. 
• World’s oldest counting Machine. The Roman Abacus was developed from device used in Babylon as early.

 

Napier’s Bones

• John Napier bones calculating machine was developed by Scottish Mathematician, physicist and astronomer John Napier in 1614, Scotland and popularised the use of the decimal point in arithmetic.
• These are rectangular strips made from animal bones.
• The techniques that are used for calculation in Napier bones calculating machine is called rhabdologia.
• He also discovered Logarithms and make complex mathematical calculations much easier and faster.
• He also helped popularize the use of decimal fractions. 

 

Slide rule

• Slide Rule is a mechanical calculating device mainly for multiplications, division, roots and logarithmic calculations
• Modern Slide Rule was developed by William Oughtred in 1622 of Germany who used Napier’s logarithm concept to design it. 
• There are two special types of marked strips, keeping them equal and sliding back and forth, the operation of logarithms is completed.
• It can perform calculations based on logarithmic methods easily.

 

Pascaline or Adding Machine or Pascal’s Calculator 

• Pascaline also called Adding machine or Pascal’s Calculator. 
• It was developed by French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. 
• It was first mechanical calculating machine.
• It was based on the principle of odometer and clock.
• Calculate only calculation based on + and –.
• Later, Calculation based on ÷ and x added by Liv Brez in 1617.

 

Jacquard Loom

• The Jacquard loom is mathematical weaving machine that uses punched cards to control the weaving of complex pattern automatically. It was developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804. 
• The invention became very important in history of computer because it introduced the idea of programmable machines.
• This was the world’s first Mechanical Loom.

 

Difference Engine

• The Difference Engine was a mechanical calculating machine designed to calculate mathematical tables automatically. 
• It was invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and known as the Father of Computer.
• The purpose of invention is to calculate mathematical tables like logarithms and trigonometric tables, it reduces human calculation errors and produce accurate printed results. 
• The Difference Engine Worked on the methods of finite differences.  
• It used a system of soft gears and wheels to perform calculations. 
• This machine was used in insurance, post, rail production.

 

Analytical Engine

• The Analytical Engine was first design of a general purpose mechanical computer. 
• Came up in 1833.
• Launched in 1834.
• Designed  in 1837.
• The Analytical Engine was more advanced than Difference Engine because it had memory, control unit. it followed instructions and perform all types of calculations 
• It was designed by Charles Babbage in 1837. He is known as the Father of Computer. 
• First time Computer programmer was done by Lady Ada Augusta in 1837, (she was a student of Charles Babbage).
• After inventing Analytical Engine, he was known as Father of Computer.
• It was based on modern computer format like Mill (like todays CPU), Input, Processor, Output and storage.
• It is a mechanical machine.

 

Eight – Tabulating Machine

• The Tabulating Machine was an electromechanical machine used to process ad count data using punched cards.
• It was invented by by Harman Hollerith in late 1890s.
• It was designed to process data for the 1890 US Census. It reduces data processing time from 8 years to about 1 years. It made large scale data handling more accurate and faster.
• The nmachine worked using punched cards. the system worked on binary concept. 
• In 1924, Hollerith’s company later became IBM (International Business Machine).

 

Z-3 Digital computer

• World’s first Digital computer developed in 1941, Konard Zuse in USA.

 

Ninth – ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

• The ABC was one of the first electronic digital computer developed by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Lowa State collage, USA.
• The first electronic digital computing device.
• Used binary number system (0 and 1)
• Designed to solved Linear equations. 
• This is also known as special purpose computer.

 

Tenth- Harvard Mark I

• The Harvard Mark I was one of the earliest large scale automatic computers.
• Its full name was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Also known as IBM
• ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) was an early electromechanical computer developed by Harvard University in collaboration with IBM 1944.
• The designer was Howard Aiken. 
• A general-purpose electromechanical computer that was used in the war effort during last part of the world war-II for military calculations. 
• Data is entered manually.

 

ENIAC

• Full name – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• The ENIAC was first large scale General Purpose Electronic Digital Computer. 
• Develop for military calculations during World War II.
• It was developed in 1945 in USA by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.
• The first programmable, electronic, general purpose digital computer.
• Contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitor 20 Accumulator.

 

EDSAC

• Full form- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.
• Designed by Morris Wilkes in 1949.
• Second Electronic Digital Stored Program to go into regular service.

 

EDVAC

• Full form- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
• John Bon Newman 1949.
• 30 Tons heavy and 150 feet wide.

 

UNIVAC

• Full form- Universal Automatic Computer.
• Designed by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1951.
• It uses Magnetic Tape for input and output.

 

Microprocessor

• First microprocessor was intel 4004. The Intel 4004 was designed by Marcian Edward “Ted” Hoff jr. and Intel in 1971.
• Its uses led to the development of microcomputers.
• Microprocessor Binds- Intel, Pentium, AMD and Celeron.
• The father of Information Theory is Claude Shannon.

 

Apple

• Developed in 1977.
• The founder of Apple is Steve Jobs.
• It became the world’s first commercial microcomputer.